EVELYN VENEGAS/ Assigment #1/Task-based Learming

1. Convert the following acronyms:
i. CLT: Communicative language teaching
ii. ALM: Audio-Lingual Method
iii. LdL: Learning by teaching
iv. TBLL: Task-based language learning
v. TBLT: Task-based language teaching
vi. TBI: Task-based instruction
vii. ELT: English language teaching
viii. EFL: Audio-Lingual Method
ix. ESL: English as a second lenguage
x. TGIF: Thank good is Friday.

2. What is the purpose and the function of CLT?
Is given utmost importance to the interaction as a means and an end goal in learning a language.

3. How does the ALM work?
It is closely tied to behaviorism, and thus made drilling, repetition, and habit-formation central elements of instruction.

4. What is the Notional Functional Syllabus?
Is a way to organize a curriculum language learning that a method or a way of teaching. The teaching is organized in terms of notions and functions.

5. Would you like to learn English by using the LdL method? Why/Why not? -3 reasons
If I would like to learn with this kind of method, since I would establish my own exercises to study.

6. What are the 5 features of CLT?
1) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.
2) An enhancement of the learner’s own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning.
3) An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activities outside the classroom.
4) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on language but also on the Learning Management process.
5) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.

7. Name 3 differences between CLT and the ALM.
- ALM is for practice language in listening and speaking.
- CLT is helping students for use the target language in a variety contexts.
- ALM is for helping students to develop perfectly grammar.

8. What are some of Noam Chomsky's theories about language learning?
Linguistics, beginning with his Syntactic Structures, a distillation of his Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955, 75), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. This theory takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be characterized by a formal grammar; in particular, a context free grammar extended with transformational rules.

9. What is Dogme 95 movement?
It is for make films and special effects.

10 What are the 10 key principles of Dogme Language Teaching?
Interactivity: the most direct route to learning is to be found in the interactivity between teachers and students and amongst the students themselves.
Engagement: students are most engaged by content they have created themselves
Dialogic processes: learning is social and dialogic, where knowledge is co-constructed
Scaffolded conversations: learning takes place through conversations, where the learner and teacher co-construct the knowledge and skills
Emergence: language and grammar emerge from the learning process. This is seen as distinct from the ‘acquisition’ of language.
Affordances: the teacher’s role is to optimize language learning affordances through directing attention to emergent language.
Voice: the learner’s voice is given recognition along with the learner’s beliefs and knowledge.
Empowerment: students and teachers are empowered by freeing the classroom of published materials and textbooks.
Relevance: materials (eg texts, audios and videos) should have relevance for the learners
Critical use: teachers and students should use published materials and textbooks in a critical way that recognizes their cultural and ideological biases.

11. How is Dogme Language Teaching different from TBL?
Task-based language learning (TBLL), also known as Task-based language teaching (TBLT) or Task-based instruction (TBI) is a method of instruction in the field of language acquisition. It focuses on the use of authentic language, and to students doing meaningful tasks using the target language; for example, visiting the doctor, conducting an interview, or calling customer services for help.
Dogme language teaching is considered to be both a methodology and a movement. Dogme is a communicative approach to language teaching and encourages teaching without published textbooks and instead focusing on conversational communication among the learners and the teacher.

12. Why do you think (3 reasons) we are beginning to use CLT and TBL in Chile?
and TBL in Chile?
Because one of the big reason is that the students has to know very well the language with a good grammar and good phonetics, because without it will be impossible communicate so well in other country.
The other reason is that is more interactive to learn English.
And the last thing is that Chile need so much speak English, because this is the door for many things and opportunities, like to grow up as a person and as a professional.

Evelyn Venegas/ ASSIGMENT #1/KET PRACTICE

I. Which of these tips are you already doing?
I use writing, listening and vocabulary.

II. Which of these tips will be the most helpful for you?
The most helpful for me is writing and vocabulary.

III. How do you plan to prepare for the KET exam?
Strengthening reading and preparing the vocabulary, as are the hardest for me.

Evelyn Venegas/ ASSIGNMENT #6//FOOD AND DRINK

1. Define the the following words/terms:
a. food: is any subtance (liquid or solid) that are consumed at different times oh the day.
b. nutrition: biological process in which organisms assimilate food and fluids necessary for operation, growth and maintenance of their vital functions.
c. hunting and gathering: a society which is subsisting on edible plants and animals from the wild. d. cuisine: is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. It is often named after the region or place where its underlining culture is in presence.
e. gastronomy: is the study of the relationship between culture and food.
f. omnivores: are species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source, general feeders not specifically adapted to eat and digest either meat or plant material exclusively
g. foodborne illness: illness resulting from consuming contaminated food.
h. culinary art: is the art of cooking is defined as something related to cooking.
2. Translate the following foods into Spanish (en español):
a. bread: pan
b. cheese: queso
c. pickles: pepinillo
d. mushrooms: setas (champiñones)
e. wheat: trigo
f. barley: cebada
g. oats: avena
h. sunflower seed (oil): semillas de girasol (aceite)
i. canola oil: aceite de canolas
j. eggplants: berenjenas
3. What is the difference between a herb and a spice?
Typically distinguishes between herbs, from the leafy green parts of a plant, and spices, from other parts of the plant, including seeds, berries, bark, root, fruit, and even occasionally dried leaves or roots.
4. What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?
In a sense botanico fruits and vegetables are treated because they are sweet.
5. Name 10 food products that come directly from animals.
Meat,Viennese,chicken,pate,milk,cheese,yogurth,eggs,honey,butter.
6. Define the word, sashimi.
Is a Japanese delicacy that consists mainly of raw seafood and fish.
7. Define the word, restaurant.
Is a trade where the public pays for the food and drink consumed by people, to be consumet on the premises or to carry.
8. Define the words:
a. famine: which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased mortality.
b. starvation: is a drastic reduction of the vitamins, nutrients and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition.
c. butcher: person who handles the sale of meat and derivatives.
d. salting: the preparation of food with edible salt for conservation or tastee.
e. drying: is a mass transfer process resulting in the removal of water moisture or moisture from another solvent, by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid to end in a solid state.
f. pickling: is the process of preserving food by anaerobic fermentation in brine to produce Lactic acid, or marinating and storing it in an acid solution, usually vinegar. The result is vinegar.
g. fermentation: the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids under anaerobic conditions used for making certain foods.
h. smoking: is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to the smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials, most often wood.
i. milling: is the process to grind grain or other materials in a mill.
j. food aid: is a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.
k. malnutrition: pathological states by a lack of food intake or absorption or excess states of metabolic costs.
m. scurvy: disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C, which is necessary for collagen synthesis in humans.
n. obesity: chronic disease caused by many causes and many complications, obesity characterize the excess fat in the body and occurs when the body mass index increases more than normal.
o. genetically modified foods (organisms) GMOs: are foods derived from genetically modified organisms.
9. Define the word, wine.
Is an alcoholic beverage typically made of fermented grape juice.
10. Name 5 fruits which can be made into wine.
grape, apple, elderberry, mango, strawberry.
11. When (approximately) did the history of wine making begin?
Wine appear to around 6000 BC in Georgia and Iran but probalby appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC.
12. What are the origins of the word, wine.
Derives from the photo- Germanic "winam," an early borrowing from the Latin VINUM, "wine" or "(grape) vine ," itself derived from the photo-Indo-European stem *win-o- (cf. Hittite: wiyana, lycian: oino, ancient Grrek οῖνος - oînos, Aeolic Grrek foìvoς- woinos).
13. List 20 types of grape varieties.
White grape, cherry, red globe, california, cardinale, imperial, Alphonse Lavalle, Italy, Moscatel Rosada, Merlot, Carmenere, Agiorgitiko, Aglianico, Baga, Barbarossa, Barbera, Blatina, Freisa, Cienna, Duras.
14. Define the following words or terms:
a. vintage: refers to the harvesting of fruits, seeds or vegetables from the fields at the time of the year when ripe.
b. wine tasting: is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine.
c. aging of wine: is a very important process in the preparation of the oldest alcoholic beverages. So much so that they might give you more flavor and quality of the wine I had before.
d. decanting: is a physical method of separation of heterogeneous mixtures, these can be a liquid and a solid or solidos.Es need 2 let it rest for the fluid sediment, ie decienda and possible extraction.
e. wine bottle: usually glass, which contains in its interior wine. Its design and features that make some wines ferment in the bottle and are bottled after fermentation cubas.se characterized by a closure based on corks or stoppers alternative.
f. wine cellars: place where wines are produced and stored. In many cases, excavated caves below ground.
g. cork taint: refering to a wine fault characterized by a set of undesirable smells or tastes found in a bottle of wine, especially spoilage that can only be detected after bottling. aging and opening.
h. box wines: is a wine packaged as a Bag-In-Box. Such packages contain a plastic bladder protected by a box, usuallymade of corrugated fiberboard.
15. Name the top 5 wine producing countries in the world.
France, Italy, Spain, United states, Argentina.
16. Beer is the third most popular drink in the world. What drinks are #1 and #2?
In the world is #1 water and #2tea.
17. What is the Code of Hammurabi?
It was the law in Mesopotamia.
18. Define the following words/terms:
a. stout (Irish & Imperial): dark or rich in colour and it has tasted like coffee.Imperial: strong dark beer and it has a high alcohol content.
b. Guinness, Murphy's and Beamish: it is a breweries of international interesting Irish.
c. pub crawling: is the act of one or more people drinking in multiple pubs or bars in a single night.
d. hops: are the female flower cones, also known as strobiles, they are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer.
e. yeast: it use in breweries for the production of a lots of kind of beer.
f. barley: is a cereal which it serve as a major animal with smaller amounts used for malting like beer and wisky and in health food.
g. alcohol by volume: is a standard measure of how much alcohol is contained in an alcoholic beverage.
h. doppelbock: is a Bavarian speciality beer that was first brewed by the monks of St Francis of Paula.
i. draught: draught beer, beer served from a keg or tap.
j. CAMRA (real ale): is an independent, voluntary, consumer organisation based in St. Albans, England, whose main aims are promoting real ale and the traditional British pub.
k. beer stein: is a traditional beer in German.
l. pewtar tankard: it is a form of drink ware consisting of a large, roughly cylindrical.
19. What is the difference between an ale and a lager?
Not understanding the question ....¿?
20. Name the largest brewing company in the world.
Anheuser-Busch Inbev.
21. Briefly discuss the history of wine making in Chile, with an emphasis on the rediscovery of the Carménère grape and its confusion with the Merlot grape. (50-100 words)
Chilean wines
It begins with the arrival of the Spanish territory that is known today as Chile, around the sixteenth century. They brought the vines, and by the year 1548 were known to use some particular plantations in Valle del Bío-Bío in the south.Carménère grape is unique to this country in the Southern Cone.Carménère strain was considered extinct until early in the 1990s, French wine experts, notably the Jean-Michel Boursiquot ampelographic, perceived that in Chile, this grape is still cultivated inadvertently mixed with Merlot feet.

Evelyn Venegas/ASSIGNMENT #5/ TOURISM & TRANSPORTATION

1. Define the terms, transport or transportation.
Movement of people or things from one place to another is done by various means, including air, land and water pipes, espacio.El field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.
2. Give 10 examples of infrastructure.
Roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, terminals, airports, railway stations, bus stations, truck terminals.
3. What is containerization?
Is a system of intermodal freight transport using standard intermodal containers that are standardised by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These can be loaded and sealed intact onto container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks.
4. What is urban sprawl?
Is when a rural city change to a urban city.
5. What was the earliest form of transportation?
walking, running and swimming.
6. Name 5 types of materials that are transported by pipeline.
Ethanol, hydrogen, water, beer and slurry.
7. Who built the first paved roads?
John Metcalfe
8. What inventions during the 19th century made important changes to transportation?
The first highways were constructed.
9. Define:
a. macadam :Is a type of road construction pioneered by the Scotsman John Loudon McAdam in around 1820.
b. tarmac :A portmanteau for tar penetration macadam is a type of highway surface.
c. concrete:A construction material composed of cement as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures.
10. What is the Shinkansen?
Is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies.
11. Define the word, tourist.
Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination.
12. Name 4 nations which depend on tourism.
1.-Truly Asia in
2.- Peru live the legend in Peru
3.-Wow Philippines in Philippines
4.- Amazing Thailand in Thailand
13. Define the term, service industry? Give 5 examples.
The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the service sector or the service industry is one of the three economic sectors The general definition of the Tertiary sector is producing a service instead of just a end product.
14. Name the top 3 countries visited by international tourists.
1.- France.
2.- Italy.
3.- Unites States.
15. Which nation's tourists spend the most money on international travel?
Germany
16. What is the most visited attraction in:
a. Canada: Nigara Falls
b. Japan : Tokio Disneyland & Tokio Disneysea
c. China : Great wall of Chinad.
d.France : Notre Dame of Paris,Louvre, Eiffel Tower.
e. India : Louvre, Eiffel Tower.
17. What is the most visited city in:
a. Canada Toronto
b. United Arab Emirates New York City.
c. China Hong Kongd.
d.Turkey Istanbule.
e.Spain Barcelona.
18. When was the word, tourism, first used?
Was used for first time on 1840.
19. When was the word, tourist, first used?
The word tourism was used by 1811
20. Name 10 countries that have major ski resorts.
1. Canadá.
2. Chile3
3. France
4. Australia
5. New Zeland
6. United States
7. Switzerland
8. Spain
9. Argentina
10. Germany.
21. Define, adjectival tourism. Give 5 examples .
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics. Others are emerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include:
1.- Culinary tourism
2.- Disaster tourism
3.- Ecotourism
4.- Heritage tourism
5.- Nautical tourism.
22. Define the following terms:
a. eco-tourism is travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and (often) smaller scale.
b. medical tourism When there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure, particularly in Southeast Asia, India, Eastern Europe and where there are different regulatory regimes, in relation to particular medical procedures travelling to take advantage of the price or regulatory differences is often referred to as "medical tourism".
c. educational tourism Educational tourism developed, because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and the enhancing of technical competency outside of the classroom environment. In educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn about the culture, such as in Student Exchange Programs and Study Tours, or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment, such as in the International Practicum Training Program.
d. creative tourism Creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism, since the early beginnings of tourism itself. Its European roots date back to the time of the Grand Tour, which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactive, educational experiences.
e. dark tourism One emerging area of special interest tourism has been identified by Lennon and Foley (2000) as "dark" tourism. This type of tourism involves visits to "dark" sites, such as
23. Define the word, staycation?
A staycation (or stay-cation, or stacation) is a neologism for a period of time in which an individual or family stays at home and relaxes at home or takes day trips from their home to area attractions. Staycations have achieved high popularity in current hard economic times in which unemployment levels and gas prices are high.
24. If you had the opportunity to travel to one place in the world (all expensives paid), where would you go? Why did you choose this location?
I would go to Egypt definitely because to me is an attractive country specially for his history, is very surprising and I always like it, since I was a little girl and listen the stories about the culture of this country that my teacher told us, I always imagined that could be there walking near to the pyramids and Nilo river or doing something with the papyrus.

Evelyn Venegas/Assignment # 4/CELEBRITY

1. What is the definition of a celebrity?
Celebrity: is a recognized or notable person who commands a high degree of public and media attention. The word stems from the Latin verb "celebrare" but one may not become a celebrity unless public and mass media interest is piqued.

2. What is a mainstream celebrity?
A global celebrity on the other hand is someone who is known by most people or is a mainstream celebrity.

3. What are 2 other names for a mainstream celebrity?
household name or superstar.

4. What is an instant celebrity?
Is the term that is used when someone becomes a celebrity in very short period of time.

5. Define the word, gossip.
talk or rumour, especially about the personal or private affairs of others.

6. Name 3 Chilean TV shows that specialize in gossiping about celebrities.
Mira Quien Habla (M.Q.H),Primer Plano, Salvese Quien Pueda (S.Q.P)

7. What is a regional/cultural celebrity?
Each culture and region has its own independent celebrity system, with a hierarchy of popular film, television, and sports stars. That’s means famous people knowing in their country.

8. What is a niche market celebrity?
one may also become a celebrity in their niche market and have limited fame apart from it.

9. Name 5 professions that can make someone into a celebrity.
Journalist, Dancers, Models, Actors and Singers.

10.
a. According to writer, Clive James, who was the first celebrity?
Charles Lindbergh.
b. Why did this person become famous?
because of his aviation feats and later because of the tragic kidnapping and murder of his son.

11. When did academics begin to write about the concept of the celebrity?
In the 1970s, academics began analyzing the phenomenon of celebrity and stardom.

12.
a. Choose a famous English-speaking celebrity.
Daniel Radcliffe
b. Write 5 sentences of gossip about that celebrity.
Sends sexy letters to his ''Equus'' co-star Lorenzo Pisoni on the Broadway show's opening night just to wind him up.
Reveals that his dream role is to play a drag queen Just because it would be an excuse to wear loads of eye makeup.
Admits he has dyspraxia, a brain disorder associated with clumsiness.
Extended a personal invitation for a Harry Potter set tour to Barack Obama's daughters Malia and Sasha - offering up a personal tour of the magical film set.
Is desperate for Helen Mirren to star in the final HARRY POTTER movie.

13.
a. List 10 Canadian actors who you recognize as celebrities.
1.Pamela Anderson
2.Michael J Fox
3.Eugene Levy
4.Keanu Reeves,
5.Brendan Fraser
6.Jim Carrey
7.Erica Durance
8.Kristin Kreuk
9.Scott Speedman
10.Kiefer Sutherland
b. Why did you put these people on your list?
Pamela Anderson:Firts Pamela Anderson because she is the star of the baywatch series
Michael J Fox: Because of the movie Back to the Future Because It's My dad favorite movies.
Eugene Levy: Because The Movie American Pie.
Keanu Reeves:for his role in The Matrix.
Brendan Fraser: Because I love how he acts and because his movies are great.
Jim Carrey: Because he is very funny and for his movies.
Erica Durance: For her role as Louis Lane In Smallville.
Scott Speedman: Because he is good looking and Rof his role in XXX2 State of the Union.
Kiefer Sutherland: for his role in the series 24.

14. What is Bollywood?
is the informal term popularly used for the Hindi-language film industry based in Munbai,India. The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema; it is only a part of the Indian film industry. Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest in the world.

15. Where did the name Bollywood originate?
The name is a portmanteau of Bombay (the former name for Mumbai) and Hollywoos, the center of the American film industry. However, unlike Hollywood, Bollywood does not exist as a physical.

Evelyn Venegas/Assignment # 3/24/7

1. Where is the 12-hour clock still used?
Australia,Canada (except Quebec and other Francophone communities),Colombia, Egypt,Pakistan,India,Malaysia,New Zealand,Philippines,United States of America.

2. What does a.m and p.m. mean?
A.M: in the morningP.M: in the night

3. Although using the 12-hour clock in speech is very common, using a.m. and p.m. is not common. What time expressions do we use to distinguish between, for example: the difference between 2am and 2pm?
Post Meridiem ( After Noon). Am= Ante Meridiem ( Before Noon)

4. What are some of the problems with using a 12-hour clock?
Since the Latin word meridies means noon or midday, it is illogical to refer to noon as either "12 a.m." or as "12 p.m.". On the other hand, midnight could logically be called either "12 p.m." or "12 a.m." ; "x a.m." no longer means "x hours before noon", but "x hours into the day but before noon" or "x th hour before noon".

5. What is the confusion about midnight and noon?
The disadvantages commonly voiced in comparing the 12-hour notation to the 24-hour clock are:confusion about the correct notation for noon and midnightconfusion about the difference between midnight at the start and end of a given dateThe rollover from 12 to 1 happens an hour later than the change between a.m. and p.m.The lexicographical order does not match the chronological order.It is more complicated to implement in software and digital electronics.Typographically, the a.m. and p.m. terms require more space.

6. What does rounding off mean, in informal speech? Give 3 examples.
twenty-four to six -twenty-four past five-five twenty-four-Half-way to fivehalf-way to five".

7. Name 5 advantages of the 24-hour clock.
There is no ambiguity between midnight at the start and end of a date, whereas confusion exists on this issue with the 12-hour system. *The duration of time intervals is easier to see in the 24-hour notation. From 10:30 a.m. till 3:30 p.m. is 5 hours. From 10:30 till 15:30 indicates this more clearly. *The 24-hour notation does not require the suffix "a.m." or "p.m.", making it shorter, which saves space in tables. *24-hour notation in string form is easier for computers to sort, and it's also less time expensive to convert the time from string form to Unix time. *The transition from 23:59 to 00:00, provides a clear reminder that a new date starts, which is less obvious in the equivalent 11:59 p.m. to "12:00 a.m." transition.

8. Name 5 advantages of the 12-hour clock.
Typical analog clock faces are divided into 12 hours, with each hour point in addition serving as five minutes, which lines up well with a 12-hour system. More rarely used 24-hour analog dials necessarily have smaller spaces between hours, which can be harder to read, particularly on a small dial. *Restricting the hour numbers to the range from 1 to 12 can accommodate a preference for monosyllabic words, which applies to many European languages (including English, French, German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian), in which most of the 12 are monosyllabic, opposed to the 13–24 range, in which none of those numbers are monosyllabic. *The use of 12 rather than 0 for the first hour of each period avoids using a leading zero. *Clocks with a chime universally chime between hours 1 to 12, but deviate in approach for hour 0 and hours 13 to 23. While it is not possible to chime zero times, clocks may in fact chime at the end of 23:59 and again at 1:00.[citation needed] *Sunrise and sunset are, roughly, centered around 6:00 in their respective halves of the day during the course of a year. That is, at an equinox, and disregarding civil time in favor of apparent solar time, the sun will rise at 6:00 a.m. and set at 6:00 p.m. At the local summer solstice, the sun might rise at, say, 4:00 a.m. and set at 8:00 p.m., and vice-versa (8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) at the local winter solstice. There are many reasons why this is not exact (atmospheric refraction, the fact the sun is a disc and not a point, time zones, daylight saving time, and so forth), but it still can be a useful approximation under certain conditions.

9. Describe the time and date notation for the following countries:
a. Australia: date format is d/m/yyyy
b. Canada: d/m/y except Quebec y/m/d often use the 24-hour clockc.
c. Ireland: d/m/y When talking about the time, it is usually said in traditional 12-hour formatd. d.South Africa: d/m/y 24 hours.e.
e. United Kingdom: d/m/y 24 hoursf.
f. United Kingdom:d/m/y 24 hoours

10. What is ISO 8601?
International standard ISO 8601 defines unambiguous written all-numeric bigendian formats for dates, such as 1999-12-31 for December 31, 1999; and time, such as 23:59:59 for 23 hours, 59 minutes, and 59 seconds (one second before midnight).

Evelyn Venegas/Assignment # 2/English english everywere

1. How many sovereign/non-sovereign countries use English as a first language?
Sovereign states: fifty-seven countries
Non-sovereign entities: twenty-four countries

2. How many African nations use English as a first language?
twenty-four nations

3. Where are the following islands located:
A. Pitcairn Islands: Is a group of volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean and is a British overseas territory.
B. Saint Helena/Tristan da Cunha: Is also a group of volcanic island but in the South Atlantic Ocean and is a British overseas territory
C. Seychelles: is an archipelago nation in the Indian Ocean, some 1,500 kilometers east of mainland Africa.
D. Malta: is an archipelago of seven islands situated in the Southern European areas of the Mediterranean Sea.
E. Turk and Caicos Islands: is a British overseas territory the islands are geographically contiguous to the Bahamas

4. Define the term, lingua franca?
lingua franca is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons' mother tongues.

5. English is...
the answer is D: a West Germanic language developed in Anglo-Saxon England.

6. The history of English is divided into...
the answer is B: Old, Middle, Modern

7. The main Germanic tribes who developed Old English were...
the answer is A: Angles, Saxons and the Jutes

8. Name the 2 factors which contributed to the spread of English worldwide.
First is because this language is used in all means of communication and the growth of the British Empire.

9. Which West Germanic languages are related to English?
There the Dutch, Afrikaans, Low German, High German.

10. Which North Germanic languages are related to English?
There the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese.